The suggested mark is a careful word match, not a teacher’s mark. If you said the same science in different words, give yourself the mark.
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25 questions · 133 marks, in lesson order.
The Earth
Exam question
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State the physical state of each part of the core.
(2)The outer core is . The inner core is .
A student says the whole mantle is liquid. Correct this claim.
(2)Total for this question: 4 marks
The Earth
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The Earth has a crust, a mantle and a core.
Which layer is the thinnest?
(1)Nobody has drilled through the crust. Give two pieces of evidence or reasoning scientists use to work out what the inside of the Earth is like.
(2)The atmosphere is a thin layer above the crust. Why does the air get thinner the higher you go?
(1)Total for this question: 4 marks
The atmosphere
Exam question
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State the two most abundant gases in dry air.
(2)Most abundant: . Second most abundant: .
Explain why air is a mixture.
(2)Total for this question: 4 marks
The atmosphere
Exam question
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Air is a mixture of gases.
| gas | percentage of air |
|---|---|
| ? | 78 % |
| ? | 20 % |
| water vapour and other gases | 1.96 % |
| carbon dioxide | 0.04 % |
Name the two gases missing from the table.
(2)78 %: 20 %:
On a cold day, droplets of water form on a cold window. Explain how these droplets form.
(2)The word equation shows a process taking place in the cells of the human body: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water What process does this word equation represent?
(1)As a result of this process, the proportions of oxygen and carbon dioxide in air breathed in and air breathed out change. Which statement is true?
(1)Total for this question: 6 marks
Sedimentary rocks
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Describe how loose sediment becomes sedimentary rock.
(4)Total for this question: 4 marks
Sedimentary rocks
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Helen weighed three pieces of rock and soaked them in water. The next day, she weighed them again.
| rock | mass before soaking in water / g | mass after soaking in water / g |
|---|---|---|
| granite | 26.3 | 26.3 |
| marble | 20.4 | 20.4 |
| sandstone | 25.5 | 27.6 |
Rocks that have lots of small spaces are described as porous. What evidence is there in the table that sandstone is porous, but granite and marble are not porous?
(1)Helen put the soaked sandstone into a freezer for 24 hours. Water in the spaces in the sandstone froze and expanded. What would happen to the sandstone as the water froze and expanded?
(1)In winter this process happens in rocks in the countryside. What is the name of this process?
(1)Helen placed fresh pieces of granite, marble and sandstone in beakers of dilute sulfuric acid. Only the marble reacted with the acid. Use Helen’s results to explain why granite is more suitable than marble for a statue in a city centre.
(1)Choose the group of rocks that each rock belongs to.
(2)Choose the way each group of rocks was formed.
(2)Total for this question: 8 marks
Sedimentary rocks
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Raj put a piece of chalk in one container and a piece of granite in another container. He shook both containers for two minutes. The drawings show what happened.
Give two ways the chalk had changed.
(2)Suggest why the granite stayed the same.
(1)The map shows a coastline. Waves crash against the rocks. Which rock is chalk and which rock is granite?
(1)The drawing shows the remains of an animal found in chalk rock. What are the remains of living things found in rock called?
(1)Look carefully at the animal remains in the drawing. Which animal could it be related to, and why?
(1)Granite is formed underground from very hot melted rock. Animal remains are never found in granite. Give the reason for this.
(1)What is hot melted rock called when it is underground?
(1)Total for this question: 8 marks
Sedimentary rocks
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The remains of an animal were found in a rock. They show a skeleton with a long bony tail, teeth in its jaws and claws on its front limbs. There are also imprints of feathers around its front limbs and tail.
Some scientists think the animal was a bird. Give one feature of the animal that suggests it was a bird.
(1)Other scientists think the animal was a reptile. What are reptile skins covered with?
(1)The animal lived millions of years ago. Scientists used the remains to draw what they think the animal looked like when it was alive. Why can scientists never be certain that the animal looked like their drawing?
(1)Give the name for the remains of living things found in rocks.
(1)Igneous rocks can be formed from lava from volcanoes. The remains of living things are never found in rocks made from lava. Why does lava destroy the remains of living things?
(1)Total for this question: 5 marks
Igneous and metamorphic rocks
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When melted rock cools slowly, it makes bigger crystals than when it cools quickly. Answer the parts to explain why.
In melted rock, what can the particles do?
(1)What does slow cooling give the particles before the rock goes solid?
(1)What do the particles do in that time?
(1)What happens when melted rock cools quickly?
(1)Total for this question: 4 marks
Igneous and metamorphic rocks
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The diagram shows a volcano erupting.
Choose the letter which labels each of these.
(3)When magma and lava cool, they form a hard crystalline rock. What is the name of this type of rock?
(1)These changes take place when a volcano erupts. Which one of these changes could be reversed?
(1)Ash from a volcano dropped into a lake. All the fish in the lake were killed and buried under the ash in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Millions of years later, the remains of a fish were found in the rock. Only the hard body parts which supported the fish were left. Give the name of these body parts.
(1)Give the name for animal and plant remains that are found in a rock after millions of years.
(1)Total for this question: 7 marks
Igneous and metamorphic rocks
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Magma is moving up from a magma chamber deep underground. Some of the magma erupts from a volcano to form lava. The liquid lava cools and becomes solid rock.
Explain why magma deep underground stays liquid longer than lava on the surface.
(1)As the magma cools underground, it solidifies and crystals are formed. In what way will these crystals be different from the crystals formed when lava solidifies above ground?
(1)Give the reason for your answer.
(1)A zone of rock surrounding the magma has become a metamorphic rock. What conditions would cause this to happen?
(1)Give the name of the metamorphic rock which is formed from limestone in this way.
(1)Total for this question: 5 marks
Igneous and metamorphic rocks
Exam question
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A gemstone is set in a gold ring. Crystals of gemstones are found in different rocks. There are three groups of rocks: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary.
Crystals can be found in rocks that have been changed into different rocks by high temperature and high pressure. Which group of rocks is formed in this way?
(1)Crystals can be found in rocks formed by the cooling of hot magma. Which group of rocks is formed in this way?
(1)How does the rate at which magma cools affect the size of the crystals formed?
(1)Rubies are made from an aluminium compound with the formula Al₂O₃. The chemical symbol for aluminium is Al. Give the name of the element that is combined with aluminium in this compound.
(1)Suggest the name of the compound with the formula Al₂O₃.
(1)How many atoms are there in the formula Al₂O₃?
(1)Gold is an element that is found in rocks. Gold is never found combined with other elements. Part of the reactivity series is: aluminium (most reactive), zinc, lead, copper (least reactive). Where should gold be placed in this reactivity series?
(1)The more reactive metals react with acids. Complete the word equation for the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid.
(2)zinc + hydrochloric acid → +
Total for this question: 9 marks
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