Summarise protein synthesis.
Reveal answer
Transcription: DNA → mRNA (nucleus). Translation: mRNA → amino acid chain (ribosome, tRNA).
Key words: transcription · translation
4(b) INHERITANCE · RECALL
4.18B Protein synthesis
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What is a codon?
Reveal answer
A triplet of three bases coding for one amino acid.
Key words: three
What is an anticodon?
Reveal answer
Three bases on tRNA complementary to a codon.
Key words: tRNA
Where does translation happen?
Reveal answer
At the ribosome.
Key words: ribosome
How does a gene control protein shape?
Reveal answer
Bases → amino acid order → folding → shape.
Key words: folding
Which bond joins amino acids?
Reveal answer
Peptide bond.
Key words: peptide
What is meant by the term codon?
Reveal answer
Three-base mRNA sequence specifying an amino acid or start/stop signal.
Key words: codon
What is meant by the term anticodon?
Reveal answer
Three-base tRNA sequence complementary to an mRNA codon.
Key words: anticodon
What is meant by the term translation?
Reveal answer
Synthesis of a polypeptide using the codon sequence of mRNA.
Key words: translation
What is meant by the term polypeptide?
Reveal answer
Chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Key words: polypeptide
From gene to protein: for Transcription, give the main event and the product/location.
Reveal answer
Main event: RNA made from DNA template. Product/location: mRNA in nucleus.
Key words: Transcription
From gene to protein: for mRNA export, give the main event and the product/location.
Reveal answer
Main event: Transcript passes through nuclear pore. Product/location: mRNA in cytoplasm.
Key words: mRNA export
From gene to protein: for Translation initiation, give the main event and the product/location.
Reveal answer
Main event: Ribosome begins at start codon. Product/location: Reading frame established.
Key words: Translation initiation
From gene to protein: for Elongation, give the main event and the product/location.
Reveal answer
Main event: tRNAs deliver amino acids. Product/location: Polypeptide grows.
Key words: Elongation
From gene to protein: for Folding/modification, give the main event and the product/location.
Reveal answer
Main event: Chain adopts functional structure. Product/location: Working protein.
Key words: Folding/modification
True or false, and why? “A codon is found on tRNA.”
Reveal answer
False. Codons are on mRNA; complementary anticodons are on tRNA.
True or false, and why? “Ribosomes make amino acids.”
Reveal answer
False. They join supplied amino acids into a polypeptide.
True or false, and why? “Every DNA mutation changes a protein.”
Reveal answer
False. Some lie outside coding regions or produce synonymous codons.